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  • 1 Psychology

       We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)
       The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)
       Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)
       It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)
       "Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,
       The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)
       The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)
       According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)
       At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.
       In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.
       The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.
       Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)
       As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)
       The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology

  • 2 study

    ['stʌdɪ] 1. сущ.
    1) изучение, исследование

    careful / detailed / exhaustive / thorough study — полное исследование, исчерпывающее исследование, всестороннее исследование

    to conduct / do a study — проводить исследование

    The proposal is under our study. — Мы рассматриваем это предложение.

    Syn:
    2) ( studies)
    а) учёба, приобретение знаний; изучение
    б) курс по изучению, -ведение, -знание ( академический предмет)
    3)
    а) этюды, научные занятия

    You should have seen his face watching you, it was a study! (C. Chaplin) — Нужно было видеть его лицо, когда он смотрел на тебя - вот это было зрелище, я тебе скажу!

    в) научная работа, монография; очерк, исследование, статья
    •
    Syn:
    5) = brown study глубокая задумчивость; мечтательность, фантазии

    He stood in a study. — Он стоял в задумчивости.

    Syn:
    6)
    а) иск. набросок, эскиз, этюд
    б) муз. упражнение, этюд
    7) человек, который быстро выучивает, запоминает что-л. (особенно об актёрах, заучивающих роль)

    He is a fast study. — Он быстро заучивает роль.

    8) намерение, цель

    The acquisition of a fortune was the study of all. — Конечной целью каждого было приобретение богатства.

    Syn:
    purpose 1., intent 1.
    2. гл.
    1)
    а) изучать, исследовать
    Syn:
    Ant:
    neglect 2., scan 2., slight 3.
    б) заниматься, учиться

    to study under smb. — учиться у кого-л.

    to study diligently / hard — усердно учиться, прилежно заниматься

    в) готовиться (к чему-л.)

    He is studying for being a businessman. — Он готовится к карьере предпринимателя.

    2)
    а) заботиться (о чем-л.)

    She always studied her own interests. — Она всегда заботилась лишь о своих собственных интересах.

    б) стремиться (к чему-л.), стараться

    He studied to get away. — Он пытался убежать.

    Syn:
    3)
    а) рассматривать, обдумывать, взвешивать

    I studied about if I just should happen to say something to her - what would her position be? (Malcolm X) — Я размышлял над тем, какова будет её реакция, если только мне удастся поговорить с ней.

    б) диал. размышлять, созерцать
    Syn:
    4)
    а) выучивать, заучивать наизусть

    I could hardly believe he had studied a written part, for every word seemed to be uttered from the impulse of the moment. (F. Burney) — Я с трудом мог поверить в то, что он выучил наизусть написанный текст, потому что каждое слово, казалось, рождается в данный момент, благодаря внутреннему порыву.

    б) амер.; разг. прилежно учить, зубрить, долбить

    I am sure that if you once studied up a little in psychology you would be as struck as I was. (R. Robinson) — Я уверен, что если бы вы когда-нибудь выучили хоть что-нибудь из психологии, вы были бы потрясены так же, как и я.

    Syn:
    bone I 2.
    в) внимательно читать, изучать

    One cannot be always studying one's own works. — Нельзя всю жизнь штудировать только свои собственные сочинения.

    5) разрабатывать; придумывать, продумывать

    We might study out a system; but can we ever study out a person? (Trench) — Можно разработать (сконструировать) какую-л. систему, но можно ли сконструировать личность?

    Syn:
    6) разг. потакать (чему-л.), угождать

    She was willing to study their wishes to a certain extent. — Она была готова до некоторой степени потакать их прихотям.

    Syn:
    humour 2.
    •
    - study up

    Англо-русский современный словарь > study

  • 3 psychology

    (the study or science of the human mind.) psicología
    - psychologically
    - psychologist
    psychology n psicología
    tr[saɪ'kɒleʤɪ]
    1 psicología, sicología
    psychology [saɪ'kɑləʤi] n, pl - gies : psicología f, sicología f
    n.
    • psicología s.f.
    • sicología s.f.
    saɪ'kɑːlədʒi
    noun (pl - gies) (p)sicología f
    [saɪ'kɒlǝdʒɪ]
    N psicología f
    * * *
    [saɪ'kɑːlədʒi]
    noun (pl - gies) (p)sicología f

    English-spanish dictionary > psychology

  • 4 psychology

    noun
    1) Psychologie, die
    2) (coll.): (characteristics) Psychologie, die (ugs.)
    * * *
    (the study or science of the human mind.) die Psychologie
    - academic.ru/58775/psychological">psychological
    - psychologically
    - psychologist
    * * *
    psy·chol·ogy
    [saɪˈkɒləʤi, AM -ˈkɑ:l-]
    n
    1. no pl (science) Psychologie f
    2. (thought processes) Psychologie f
    \psychology of the crowd Massenpsychologie f
    * * *
    [saI'kɒlədZɪ]
    n
    (= science) Psychologie f; (= make-up) Psyche f
    * * *
    psychology [saıkɒlədʒı; US -ˈkɑ-] s
    1. Psychologie f (Wissenschaft und psychologisches Feingefühl)
    2. umg Psychologie f, Psyche f
    psych. abk
    1. psychological (psychologically) psychol.
    * * *
    noun
    1) Psychologie, die
    2) (coll.): (characteristics) Psychologie, die (ugs.)
    * * *
    n.
    Psychologie f.
    Seelenkunde f.

    English-german dictionary > psychology

  • 5 psychology

    (the study or science of the human mind.) psykologi
    - psychologically
    - psychologist
    psykologi
    subst. \/saɪˈkɒlədʒɪ\/
    psykologi
    individual psychology individualpsykologi

    English-Norwegian dictionary > psychology

  • 6 psychology

    عِلْم النَّفْس \ psychology: the scientific study of the mind.

    Arabic-English glossary > psychology

  • 7 study of man

    наука о человеке

    According to Вugental (1964), now that it is becoming clear that the behaviorist's search for additional knowledge about specific functions will not lead to an understanding of man in the world, psychology is finally becoming the study of man — the whole man. — Согласно Бугенталю (1964), теперь, когда становится ясно, что бихевиористские поиски дополнительных знаний об особых функциях не приведут к пониманию человека в мире, психология окончательно становится наукой о человеке — о целостном человеке.

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > study of man

  • 8 psychology

    (the study or science of the human mind.) psykologi
    - psychologically
    - psychologist
    * * *
    (the study or science of the human mind.) psykologi
    - psychologically
    - psychologist

    English-Danish dictionary > psychology

  • 9 psychology

    (the study or science of the human mind.) sálfræði
    - psychologically
    - psychologist

    English-Icelandic dictionary > psychology

  • 10 psychology

    pszichológia
    * * *
    (the study or science of the human mind.) pszichológia
    - psychologically
    - psychologist

    English-Hungarian dictionary > psychology

  • 11 psychology

    (the study or science of the human mind.) psicologia
    - psychologically
    - psychologist
    * * *
    psy.chol.o.gy
    [saik'ɔlədʒi] n psicologia.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > psychology

  • 12 psychology

    n. psikoloji, ruhbilim, ruh hali
    * * *
    psikoloji
    * * *
    (the study or science of the human mind.) ruhbilimi, psikoloji
    - psychologically
    - psychologist

    English-Turkish dictionary > psychology

  • 13 psychology

    (the study or science of the human mind.) psihologija
    - psychologically
    - psychologist
    * * *
    [saikɔlədži]
    noun
    psihologija, dušeslovje; mentaliteta, duševno življenje

    English-Slovenian dictionary > psychology

  • 14 psychology

    • ihmistuntemus
    • ihmisen elämyksiä ja käyttäytymistä tutkiva tiede
    • sielutiede
    • ajatustapa
    • psykologia
    * * *
    (the study or science of the human mind.) psykologia
    - psychologically
    - psychologist

    English-Finnish dictionary > psychology

  • 15 psychology

    [saɪ'kɒlədʒɪ]
    nome psicologia f.
    * * *
    (the study or science of the human mind.) psicologia
    - psychologically
    - psychologist
    * * *
    [saɪ'kɒlədʒɪ]
    nome psicologia f.

    English-Italian dictionary > psychology

  • 16 psychology

    [saɪ'kɔlədʒɪ]
    n
    ( science) psychologia f; ( character) psychika f
    * * *
    (the study or science of the human mind.) psychologia
    - psychologically
    - psychologist

    English-Polish dictionary > psychology

  • 17 psychology

    (the study or science of the human mind.) psiholoģija
    - psychologically
    - psychologist
    * * *
    psiholoģija

    English-Latvian dictionary > psychology

  • 18 psychology

    (the study or science of the human mind.) psichologija
    - psychologically
    - psychologist

    English-Lithuanian dictionary > psychology

  • 19 psychology

    n. psykologi (vetenskapen om själen, forskning om det mänskliga beteendet, forskning om mentala och känslomässiga förlopp)
    * * *
    (the study or science of the human mind.) psykologi
    - psychologically
    - psychologist

    English-Swedish dictionary > psychology

  • 20 psychology

    (the study or science of the human mind.) psychologie
    - psychologically
    - psychologist
    * * *
    • psychologie

    English-Czech dictionary > psychology

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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